vulnerabilities

يواجه بروتوكول السيولة اللامركزي #Thorchain تحديات كبيرة حيث تشهد العملة الأصلية $RUNE انخفاضًا حادًا في القيمة. تكشف هذه التطورات عن آليات الإقراض الحرجة #vulnerabilities ، مما يثير تساؤلات خطيرة حول قابلية البروتوكول للاستمرار على المدى الطويل وقدرته على سداد ديونه.

آلية الإقراض وعيوبها
قدمت Thorchain ميزة إقراض تسمح للمستخدمين باقتراض الأصول من خلال ضمان Bitcoin ($BTC ). عند الاقتراض، يقوم النظام بتحويل ضمان BTC إلى RUNE، مما يخلق اعتمادًا متأصلًا على قيمة RUNE. تتطلب عملية السداد بيع #RUNE لإعادة شراء #BTC ، مما يترك البروتوكول عُرضة لفشل متتالي إذا انخفض سعر RUNE.

مع استمرار توسع بيئات البلوكتشين والويب 3، تزداد أيضًا تعقيد التهديدات التي تستهدف العقود الذكية. مع خسائر مالية بلغت 1.42 مليار دولار عبر 149 حادثة موثقة في 2024، أصبح من الضروري للمطورين والمهنيين الأمنيين التعامل مع الثغرات بفعالية. يُعد تقرير OWASP لأفضل 10 عقود ذكية (2025) دليلًا شاملاً للتخفيف من أكبر المخاطر في مشهد التكنولوجيا اللامركزية.
ما هو تقرير OWASP لأفضل 10 عقود ذكية؟

#Firmware emulation is an essential process in embedded system research and #cybersecurity , enabling analysts to test, inspect, and identify #vulnerabilities in firmware without needing access to physical hardware.
Tools such as QEMU, Firmadyne, and the Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT) are vital for emulating Linux-based firmware used in routers, IoT devices, and other embedded systems. This article breaks down these tools, providing a step-by-step guide on how to utilize them effectively for firmware analysis.
QEMU: Versatile Processor Emulation
QEMU (Quick EMUlator) is a widely-used, open-source emulator capable of simulating various hardware architectures. It operates in two primary modes:
1. User-Mode Emulation: This allows the execution of user-space applications compiled for a different architecture. This mode is handy for running and analyzing individual binaries without full system overhead, often useful in situations where only a single application or service needs to be emulated.

2. Full-System Emulation: In this mode, #QEMU can emulate an entire hardware system, including the CPU, memory, and peripherals. It supports multiple architectures such as x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and SPARC, allowing researchers to run entire operating systems within the emulated environment. This is particularly beneficial for firmware analysis because it enables testing the complete firmware in a simulated environment.
QEMU is a robust and low-level tool, often requiring manual configuration to run embedded firmware. Its wide architecture support makes it a popular choice for those dealing with IoT and embedded devices.

Using QEMU with Python

Firmadyne: Firmware Emulation Framework
Firmadyne is an automated system built on top of QEMU, specifically designed for analyzing #Linux -based embedded firmware. It focuses on extracting and emulating firmware from devices such as routers, IP cameras, and other IoT systems. Key features include:
- Firmware Extraction: Firmadyne extracts key elements like the kernel and root filesystem from firmware images. This is essential, as most firmware comes packaged in proprietary formats, which must be unpacked before analysis.

- System Emulation: Using QEMU under the hood, Firmadyne emulates the extracted firmware. This enables researchers to interact with the system through a virtual console, simulating the actual device behavior.

- Vulnerability Detection: Firmadyne has built-in automation for discovering potential vulnerabilities, such as open network services or insecure configurations.
Firmadyne is highly effective for large-scale research projects because it supports automated batch processing of firmware images and can handle firmware from various manufacturers and architectures (primarily MIPS, ARM, and x86).

Automating Firmadyne Workflow with Python

Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT): Simplifying the Process
The Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT) is a wrapper around Firmadyne, created by the Attify security group. Its purpose is to simplify the often tedious setup and configuration of Firmadyne, making firmware emulation more accessible, especially for beginners. FAT offers:
- Automated Setup: Instead of manually configuring Firmadyne, users can leverage FAT's simplified scripts to automate firmware extraction, setup, and QEMU-based emulation.

- User-Friendly Workflow: By merely pointing FAT to a firmware image, it performs extraction, sets up the emulated environment, and launches the system in QEMU for further interaction. This streamlines the entire process, which can otherwise be complex and time-consuming.
However, FAT is limited to Linux-based firmware, and its emulation support is constrained by the firmware types that Firmadyne can handle.
Emulation Steps for Firmware Analysis
1. Identify the Firmware's Architecture: Firmware usually runs on architectures like MIPS, ARM, or x86. Identifying the correct architecture is critical because tools like QEMU need this information to emulate the firmware correctly. You can identify the architecture from metadata within the firmware image or using tools like binwalk or file.
2. Use QEMU or FAT for Emulation: Depending on the firmware, QEMU's user-mode or full-system mode may be used. FAT simplifies this by automatically setting up QEMU in the appropriate mode for the firmware in question, typically requiring little user intervention beyond supplying the firmware image.
3. Extract and Emulate: Tools like binwalk, firmware-mod-kit, or Firmadyne are used to extract the contents of the firmware image. Once the root filesystem and kernel are extracted, emulation can begin. If using FAT, this step is largely automated.
4. Interaction with the Emulated System: After emulating the firmware, users can interact with the virtual environment via the QEMU console or connect through services like SSH or Telnet, if the firmware enables them. This allows a thorough inspection of the device's behavior.

Using Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT) with Python

Advanced Techniques: Debugging and Analysis
1. Debugging with gdbserver: QEMU supports remote debugging through gdbserver, which allows the user to attach a debugger (like gdb) to a running process in the emulated environment. This is useful for reverse engineering and dynamic analysis of the firmware's functionality.
2. Modifying Initialization Scripts: In some cases, you can gain shell access to the emulated system by modifying initialization scripts like /etc/inittab. This can trigger the system to open a shell, allowing deeper exploration.
3. Custom Toolchains: For certain embedded systems, custom toolchains may be required to compile and run binaries compatible with non-standard hardware architectures (e.g., proprietary MIPS variants). Researchers often need to use these toolchains to cross-compile custom binaries for testing in the emulated environment.
Challenges and Limitations
While firmware emulation offers powerful insights into the behavior of embedded devices, it is not without limitations:
- Incomplete Support: Some firmware, particularly for proprietary or highly specialized devices, cannot be fully emulated due to missing or unsupported peripheral emulation in QEMU.

- Closed Firmware Architectures: Devices using custom or undocumented architectures may require additional reverse engineering effort before they can be emulated.
- Dynamic Analysis Complexity: Even with tools like Firmadyne and FAT, analyzing dynamic behaviors, such as real-time network communication, can be complex without complete hardware replication.

Debugging with GDB in QEMU

Firmware emulation using tools like QEMU, Firmadyne, and the Firmware Analysis Toolkit enables researchers to conduct in-depth analysis of embedded systems without the need for physical hardware. These tools streamline the extraction, emulation, and interaction with firmware, offering a practical approach to identifying vulnerabilities. While challenges exist, such as limited support for proprietary hardware, emulation remains a key component of modern embedded system security research.
Special thanks to SecNigma

تدعم الأنظمة المشفرة التمويل اللامركزي (DeFi) وأنظمة blockchain، مما يوفر للمستخدمين سيطرة لا مثيل لها على الأصول الرقمية. ومع ذلك، فإن تعقيد هذه الأنظمة يفتح أيضًا مجموعة متنوعة من متجهات الهجوم، من العقود الذكية إلى محافظ التوقيع المتعددة، وحتى محافظ الأجهزة. قد يتجاهل المطورون، الذين يركزون غالبًا على الوظائف، نقاط الضعف الحرجة، مما يخلق فرصًا لهجمات معقدة مثل تلك التي شوهدت في اختراق Radiant Capital بقيمة 50 مليون دولار. ستستكشف هذه المقالة نقاط الضعف داخل أنظمة التشفير وتقدم رؤى مفصلة حول كيفية حدوثها، بالاستعانة بأحدث اتجاهات الهجوم وأخطاء المطورين التي غالبًا ما يتم تجاهلها.